Dissertations / Theses: 'Laws (form)' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

Building Energy Assessment at stock level is an important task in identifying the best strategies for achieving a more energy efficient and low carbon society. Non-domestic buildings are identified to make up 17% of total energy consumption in England and Wales and 19% of CO2 emissions. To understand the energy requirement of the non-domestic stock, large scale (empirically based) energy surveying has been carried out namely in the Non-Domestic Building Stock project and Carbon Reductions in Buildings project. It is recognised that building energy surveys are difficult to carry out; expensive on time, technical resources, and metered energy use is (on a large scale) necessarily crude. With improving computer ability, dynamic energy modelling tools allow for detailed assessment of building energy use and comfort performance. Using Monte Carlo simulation a method of assessing the probable variability in non-domestic building thermal energy loads was developed. The method was developed to capture the heterogeneity in non-domestic buildings at national stock level and determine how stock level physical form variations impact thermal loading. Non-domestic building form and surrounding topography are considered to be influenced by building control laws and building regulations. Control documentation often stipulates guidelines and best practice - hence building heterogeneity. As such, historical regulations were used to develop basic probability distributions of potential physical characteristics associated with non-domestic buildings. Stating that form and site characteristics are randomly determined from the defined probability distributions, a stochastic modelling process to represent thermal variation in a building stock was developed. This provided potential for categorising building thermal performance by period of construction. The model utilised a dynamic simulation model as a 'black-box' for predicting base thermal loads.

Abstract:

Особливості сприйняття моделей одягу як плоских, так і просторових фігур в сучасному дизайні посилює кінетизм оп-арту для підкреслювання бажаних форм і маскування невигідних. В художньому оформленні тканин застосовують закони орнаментальної композиції для забезпечення гармонійності стильової єдності форми костюма та дизайну тканини. На основі дослідження моделей стилю оп-арт в колекціях сучасних дизайнерів розроблено схему гармонізації процесу проєктування жіночих суконь із застосуванням зорових ілюзій.
Peculiarities of perception of clothing models of both flat and spatial figures in modern design enhances the kinetics of op-art to emphasize the desired shapes and mask the disadvantages. The laws of ornamental composition are used in the decoration of fabrics to ensure the harmony of the stylistic unity of the costume shape and fabric design. Based on the study of op-art style models in the collections of modern designers, a scheme of harmonization of the process of designing women's dresses with the use of visual illusions has been developed.

Abstract:

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Nas últimas décadas, a incidência global da dengue tem crescido dramaticamente favorecidapelo aumento da mobilidade humana e da urbanização. O estudo da população domosquito é de grande importância para a saúde pública em países como o Brasil, onde ascondições climáticas e ambientais são favoráveis para a propagação desta doença. Estetrabalho baseia-se no estudo de modelos matemáticos que tratam do ciclo de vida domosquito da dengue usando equações diferencias parciais. Nós investigamos a existênciade solução na forma de onda viajante para ambos os modelos. Nós usamos um métodosemi-analítico combinando técnicas de Sistemas Dinâmicos (como a seção de Poincaré eanálise local com base no Teorema de Hartman-Grobman) e integração numérica usandoMatlab.
In recent decades the global incidence of dengue has grown dramatically by increasedhuman mobility and urbanization. The study of the mosquito population is of greatimportance for public health in countries like Brazil, where climatic and environmentalconditions are favorable for the propagation of this disease. This work is based on thestudy of mathematical models dealing with the life cycle of the dengue mosquito usingpartial differential equations. We investigate the existence of a solution in the form oftravelling wave for both models. We use a semi-analytical method combining dynamicalsystems techniques (e.g. Poincaré section and local analysis based on Hartman-Grobmantheorem) and numerical integration using Matlab.

Abstract:

Private enforcement, which primarily represents individuals&rsquo
right to claim damage arisen from violations of competition law, supplements public enforcement and ensures indemnification of individual loss. However, private enforcement of competition law has fallen behind public law enforcement in laws presented in this study, other than those enforced in the USA. Realizing this fact, EuropeanCommission, has recently focused on the enhancement and facilitation of private enforcement in the Community competition law. The lagging behind of private enforcement mainly sources from the cultural and traditional differences in the understanding of liability law between Anglo Saxon Law and Continental Law. Anglo Saxon law tradition is inclined to leave the matter to individual action, whereas Continental Law is in more favor of strengthening regulatory mechanisms.More specific obstacles to the improvement of private enforcement are, yet not exhaustively, indefiniteness of legal basis of claims, involvement of complex economic analysis while stating the case, courts&rsquo
lack of technical knowledge,indefinite relationship between judiciary and competition authorities, problems in proving damage and causality, absence of facilitating procedural mechanisms such asclass actions, treble damage and discovery rights. In the Community law context it is also highly probable to encounter peculiar problems arisen from co-existence of different national laws. Additionally, implementation of the Community competition law by national authorities may also lead to the weakening of the Single Market objective.Through this study, we will present probable solutions by depicting all these problems.

Abstract:

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Abstract:

Today there are over 1,000 active satellites in orbit and the number of States directly involved in launching or operating satellites has increased substantially since the dawn of the space age. Even States that have no direct involvement in launching or operating satellites rely heavily on such space infrastructure: for television, radio, banking, communications, transport, agriculture, mining, and especially for modern military services. Yet, those same satellites are under increasing threat from 100,000s of pieces of space debris and the actual or potential proliferation of weapons and other means capable of destroying or disrupting satellites. There is also increasing competition for use of the limited radio frequency spectrum that is essential for the operation of such satellites. Concurrently, there are a range of factors unsettling global security generally and the dominance of the US and Europe specifically. The proliferation of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles, as their means of delivery, is a significant concern. Ballistic missiles have a trajectory through space and ballistic missile defence also rely on space-based infrastructure. Financial and other constraints have made global powers more inward-looking, less likely to deploy forces globally, except through the sort of 'remote reach' capabilities that rely on space infrastructure for their effectiveness (such as uninhabited aerial vehicles and cyber warfare). So space-based infrastructure is a key element in global security, yet it is also increasingly vulnerable to the threats described above – including space weapons. Warfare in space is becoming a real possibility. Outer space is not, though, a new, wild and lawless frontier. There is a legal framework of growing complexity. However, the treaties specific to the space domain, as well as recent initiatives to augment those treaties, barely contemplate warfare. The law of war is applicable to the space domain and potentially provides a comprehensive set of norms of State behaviour that restrains the recourse to force by States in the space domain. There is considerable uncertainty about how particular rules of the laws of war apply to the space domain. It would be in the strategic interests of all States to have a clear and authoritative statement on how the rules of the law of war apply to the space domain. The question is how to achieve such a clear and authoritative statement. Useful analogies can be found in the process and success of the San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea, the Harvard Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare and the Tallinn Manual on International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare. These manuals have been drafted by globally-recognised legal and technical experts in each domain expressing personal opinions on the lex lata. They have avoided many of the challenges of State negotiations on similar topics, yet the manuals have had a significant impact in each of their domains. There now needs to be a 'Manual of International Law Applicable to Space Warfare'.
Aujourd'hui, il ya d'autres 1.000 satellites actifs en orbite et le nombre d'États directement impliqués dans le lancement ou l'exploitation de satellites a augmenté considérablement depuis l'aube de l'ère spatiale. Même les États qui n'ont pas d'implication directe dans le lancement ou l'exploitation de satellites comptent beaucoup sur cette infrastructure spatiale: la télévision, la radio, les banques, les communications, les transports, l'agriculture, l'exploitation minière, et en particulier pour les services militaires modernes. Pourtant, ces mêmes satellites sont sous la menace croissante de 100.000 s de morceaux de débris spatiaux et la prolifération réelle ou potentielle d'armes et autres moyens capables de détruire ou de perturber les satellites. Il existe également une concurrence pour l'utilisation du spectre des fréquences radio limitée qui est essentiel pour le fonctionnement de ces satellites. Parallèlement, il existe une série de facteurs déstabilisant la sécurité mondiale en général et la domination des États-Unis et en Europe en particulier. La prolifération des armes nucléaires et des missiles balistiques, en tant que de leurs vecteurs, est une préoccupation importante. Les missiles balistiques ont une trajectoire à travers l'espace et de la défense contre les missiles balistiques compter également sur l'infrastructure spatiale. Les contraintes financières et d'autres ont fait des puissances mondiales plus introvertie, moins susceptibles de déployer des forces dans le monde, sauf par le genre de capacités »portée à distance» qui s'appuient sur l'infrastructure spatiale pour leur efficacité (tels que les véhicules aériens sans pilote et la cyberguerre). Alors infrastructure spatiale est un élément clé de la sécurité mondiale, mais il est aussi de plus en plus vulnérables aux menaces décrites ci-dessus - y compris les armes spatiales. La guerre dans l'espace devient une possibilité réelle. L'espace n'est pas, cependant, une nouvelle, sauvage et anarchique frontière. Il existe un cadre juridique de complexité croissante. Toutefois, les traités spécifiques au domaine de l'espace, ainsi que les récentes initiatives pour augmenter ces traités, à peine contempler la guerre. Le droit de la guerre est applicable au domaine de l'espace et fournit potentiellement un ensemble complet de normes de comportement de l'État qui restreint le recours à la force par les Etats dans le domaine spatial. Il existe une incertitude considérable sur la façon dont les règles particulières des lois de la guerre s'appliquent au domaine de l'espace. Il serait dans les intérêts stratégiques de tous les États à avoir une déclaration claire et faisant autorité sur la manière dont les règles du droit de la guerre s'appliquent au domaine de l'espace. La question est de savoir comment parvenir à une telle déclaration claire et faisant autorité.Analogies utiles peuvent être trouvés dans le processus et le succès du Manuel de San Remo sur le droit international applicable aux conflits armés sur mer, le Manuel de Harvard sur le droit international applicable à antiaérienne et antimissile guerre et le Manuel Tallinn le droit international applicable aux cyberguerre. Ces manuels ont été rédigés par des experts juridiques et techniques mondialement reconnues dans chaque domaine exprimer des opinions personnelles sur la lex lata. Ils ont évité les nombreux défis de négociations de l'Etat sur des sujets similaires, mais les manuels ont eu un impact significatif dans chacun de leurs domaines. Il doit maintenant être un «manuel de droit international applicable à la guerre de l'espace».

Abstract:

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Uma abordagem formal e crucial na especificação e desenvolvimento de sistemas complexos.Inspirado pela engenharia, o desenvolvimento de software deve preterir a abordagemempirica e seguir uma abordagem estruturada, formal, passível de repetição eprova face ao advento de sistemas mais complexos, paralelos e concorrentes.Este trabalho apresenta uma extensão conservativa de OhCircus, uma linguagem deespecificação oncorrente, que integra CSP, Z, orientação a objetos e um calculo de re-finamento. Esta extensão suporta a definição de heranca de processo, onde uxo decontrole, operações e componentes de estado em um superprocesso, podem ser reusadospor seus subprocessos. Neste trabalho nos apresentamos a gramatica estendida de OhCir-cus, acompanhada por um conjunto de regras de tipos que lidam com as novas construçõesda linguagem.Nos apresentamos, em termos da Unifying Theories of Programming definida porHoare e He, a semântica formal de heranca de processo e suas construções de suporte.A principal contribuição deste trabalho e um conjunto, formalmente provado, de leisalgebricas que lidam com herança de processo. Nós também explanamos informalmentecomo essas leis podem contribuir para uma teoria de completude para OhCircus. Finalmentenossas leis são exercitadas atraves de um estudo de caso

Abstract:

The trade of shipping is necessarily international in nature. Courts and international bodies oftenexpress the need to ensure international consistency in matters of maritime law. However, it hasbeen an extremely difficult goal to achieve. Many countries have refused to be party to internationalconventions that seek to ensure comity. Some have enacted laws that reflect part but not all of thoseconventions, or seek to improve the protection offered by the conventions. The domestic law of eachcountry also adds its own flavour to shipping law as recognised and applied by the courts in thatjurisdiction.In 1974 Australia enacted the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) (TPA), heralding a new era incorporate and commercial law. However, its impact on maritime law on Australia has only been feltover the last 10 – 15 years. It is potentially relevant to many areas of maritime law, includingcarriage of goods by sea, cruise ships, and towage. This thesis explores the encroachment of theTPA on a number of different areas of shipping law, using the few case examples on offer andextrapolating the impact that the TPA may have. It also considers the extent to which the TPA isstymied by simple contractual agreements to litigate or arbitrate in a non Australian forum, despitethe TPA’s status as a mandatory statute within Australia.Raised at various points in the thesis is the possibility of law reform, which is a complex compendiumof issues overlaid with a moral dimension – does shipping, as an industry, deserve to be exemptedfrom the operation of the Act which sets a high standard of corporate behaviour? If so, how couldthat reform be shaped? In the meantime, what steps can the shipping industry take to work withinthe legal framework of the TPA?

Abstract:

Philosophers in general, and metaphysicians in particular, are largely concerned with metaphysical modality, that is, with what is possible and necessary, in the broadest sense, and with what makes propositions about metaphysical modality true. Metaphysicians are also concerned with ontology, that is, with what exists and the nature of what exists. Ontology covers such questions as 'do numbers exist?' and 'do universals exist?' and, if numbers and universals do exist, 'what are they like?' and 'how do they exist?'. The laws of nature, such as the law of universal gravitation, Coulomb's law and the Schrödinger equation, for example, raise interesting philosophical questions at the intersection of metaphysics and the philosophy of science, such as 'what is the relationship between laws of nature and scientific explanation?' and 'in what sense, if any, are we free to break the laws?'. Questions about modality, ontology and laws of nature connect in interesting ways. The kinds of things - propositions, universals, possible worlds, etc. - that one is willing to countenance will impact what one can say about the metaphysics of modality and natural laws. The point is illustrated nicely via consideration of Humean constraints on respectable ontology popularized by David Lewis and the ensuing metaphysics of laws and modality that Lewis defends. What distinguishes lawful from non-lawful regularities, according to Lewis, is the fact that the former, but not the latter, are axioms of the description of all property instances throughout the Humean mosaic, which maximizes the virtues of informativeness and simplicity. This is the crux of Lewis's best system analysis of natural laws (BSA) (see, e.g., Lewis 1983, 1994, 2001; Earman 1984; Loewer 1996). Natural laws are thus accounted for in a manner that the Humean finds metaphysically innocuous because no appeal is made to any mysterious governing forces or necessary connections between distinct existences. The Humean is primarily concerned with defending (the tenability of) an ontology, which then informs and places restrictions on what can be said about laws and modality. However, one's primary concern might just as well be with analysing the laws and, dissatisfied with regularity accounts, such as the BSA, one might be motivated to develop an alternative account of laws with its own distinctive ontological implications. My concern in this thesis is with exploring the interactions between a cluster of specific views about ontology, modality and the laws of nature. The particular ontology I am interested in is unHumean in the sense that it admits necessary connections between properties and the behaviours that they confer because properties have non-trivial essences which ground certain behaviours. The account of laws is metaphysically thin for it conceives of the laws as merely descriptive, à la the BSA. And the metaphysics of modality that I am interested in roots modality firmly in the actual world.

Abstract:

Thesis (Ph. D in Philosophy (Human-Systems Engineering))--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, February 2007.
"February 2007." Thesis advisor: Mary L. Cummings. Performed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Humans & Automation Laboratory, Cambridge, Mass. "Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics on February 1, 2007 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Human-Systems Engineering."--P. 3. Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-225). Also available online from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Humans and Automation Lab (HAL) Web site.

Abstract:

The subject of this work is the experience of Russia, forming the federal state, the lineament of Russian federation. The aim of the beginning of the work is to define the term „federation“, it is identified as the state, that consists of different territorial subjects disposing the powers of the central government, and these powers are limited by the constitution of federation. The sources of Russian Federation are discussed, the conclusion is made, that neither the USSR neither Russian Federation were federal states. The foundation of Russian federation is overviewed, the treaty of federation, signed in 1992, is discussed. Much attention is payed to studying the legal status of the subjects of Russian Federation. The conclusion is made, that Russia is the assymetrical federation and its subjects have no totally equal rights. While describing the institutions of the federation members, the author notices the dangerously diminishing independence of the local institutions from the federal government, a matter of great concern is the direct elections of the governor, abolished in 2004, and the new order, according to whom local governor is imposed by the President of the state, after the approbation of the local parlament. The status and the role of Federation‘s council is discussed, it is concluded that it is too powerless and needs reforms. The process of the affairs between Russian federation and its subjects is overviewed. In 1993 – 1999 members of the federation had much... [to full text]

Abstract:

In this thesis an experimental method to calculate cohesive characteristics for an adhesive layer in a End Notched Flexure (ENF) specimen is presented and evaluated. The method is based on the path independent J-integral where the energy release rate (ERR) for the adhesive is derived as a function of the applied forces and the rotational displacements at the loading point and at the supports of the specimen. The major advantage with the method in comparison with existing theory known by the job initiator is that it is still applicable with ENF specimens that are subjected to yielding of the adherends.

The structure of this thesis is disposed so that the theory behind the J-integral method is shortly described and then an evaluation of the method is performed by aid of finite element simulations using beam and cohesive elements. The finite element simulations indicates that the ERR can be determined with good accuracy for an ENF specimen where a small scale yielding of the adherends has occurred. However when a fully cross sectional yielding of the adherends is reached the ERR starts diverging from the exact value and generates a too high ERR according to input data in the simulations, i.e. the exact values. The importance in length of the adhesive process zone is also shown to be irrelevant to the ERR measured according to the J-integral method.

Simulation performed with continuum elements indicates that a more reality based FE- simulation implies a higher value of the applied load in order to create crack propagation. This is an effect of that the specimen is allowed to roll on the supports which makes the effective length between the supports shorter than the initial value when the specimen is deformed. This results in a stiffer specimen and thus a higher applied force is needed to create crack propagation in the adhesive layer.

An experimental set up of an ENF specimen is created and the sample data from the experiments are evaluated with the J-integral method. For measuring the rotational displacements of the specimen which are needed for the J-integral equation an image system is developed by the author and validated by use of linear elastic beam theory. The system calculates the three rotational displacements of the specimen by aid of images taken by a high resolution SLR camera and the system for measuring the rotations may also be used in other applications than for a specific ENF geometry. The validation of the image system shows that the rotations calculated by the image system diverge from beam theory with less than 2.2 % which is a quite good accuracy in comparison with the accuracies for the rest of the used surveying equipment.

The results from the experiment indicates that the used, about 0.36 mm thick SikaPower 498, adhesive has an maximum shear strength of 37.3 MPa and a critical shear deformation of 482 µm. The fracture energy is for this thickness of the adhesive is determined as 12.9 kJ/m².

This report ends with a conclusion- and a suggested future work- chapter.

Abstract:

The manuscript presents my research on hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations (PDE), especially on conservation laws. My works began with this thought in my mind: ''Existence and uniqueness of solutions is not the end but merely the beginning of a theory of differential equations. The really interesting questions concern the behavior of solutions.'' (P.D. Lax, The formation and decay of shock waves 1974). To study or highlight some behaviors, I started by working on geometric optics expansions (WKB) for hyperbolic PDEs. For conservation laws, existence of solutions is still a problem (for large data, $L^\infty$ data), so I early learned method of characteristics, Riemann problem, $BV$ spaces, Glimm and Godunov schemes, \ldots In this report I emphasize my last works since 2006 when I became assistant professor. I use geometric optics method to investigate a conjecture of Lions-Perthame-Tadmor on the maximal smoothing effect for scalar multidimensional conservation laws. With Christian Bourdarias and Marguerite Gisclon from the LAMA (Laboratoire de \\ Mathématiques de l'Université de Savoie), we have obtained the first mathematical results on a $2\times2$ system of conservation laws arising in gas chromatography. Of course, I tried to put high oscillations in this system. We have obtained a propagation result exhibiting a stratified structure of the velocity, and we have shown that a blow up occurs when there are too high oscillations on the hyperbolic boundary. I finish this subject with some works on kinetic équations. In particular, a kinetic formulation of the gas chromatography system, some averaging lemmas for Vlasov equation, and a recent model of a continuous rating system with large interactions are discussed. Bernard Rousselet (Laboratoire JAD Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis) introduced me to some periodic solutions related to crak problems and the so called nonlinear normal modes (NNM). Then I became a member of the European GDR: ''Wave Propagation in Complex Media for Quantitative and non Destructive Evaluation.'' In 2008, I started a collaboration with Bruno Lombard, LMA (Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique, Marseille). We details mathematical results and challenges we have identified for a linear elasticity model with nonlinear interfaces. It leads to consider original neutral delay differential systems.

Abstract:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 211-215).
This thesis studies the problem of determining achievable rates in heterogeneous wireless networks. We analyze the impact of location, traffic, and service heterogeneity. Consider a wireless network with n nodes located in a square area of size n communicating with each other over Gaussian fading channels. Location heterogeneity is modeled by allowing the nodes in the wireless network to be deployed in an arbitrary manner on the square area instead of the usual random uniform node placement. For traffic heterogeneity, we analyze the n x n dimensional unicast capacity region. For service heterogeneity, we consider the impact of multicasting and caching. This gives rise to the n x 2n dimensional multicast capacity region and the 2" x n dimensional caching capacity region. In each of these cases, we obtain an explicit information-theoretic characterization of the scaling of achievable rates by providing a converse and a matching (in the scaling sense) communication architecture.
by Urs Niesen.
Ph.D.

Abstract:

Truthlikeness is a property of a theory or a proposition that represents its closeness, similarity or likeness to the truth. The notion allows to defend a middle position between infallibilism and scepticism, providing an optimistic understanding of a set of ideas regarding science that may seem to imply, prima facie, an instrumentalist or pessimistic view of scientific theories. In this sense, perhaps all scientific theories are strictly speaking false, but some may be closer to the truth than others; scientific progress is possible because of an increase in truthlikeness; truth might be said to be the aim of science in the sense of pursuing a better approximation to it; our best developed theories (including the unobservable parts) work because they are close to the truth; and finally, one may embrace fallibilism and still be able to estimate that some theories are closer to the truth than others.Since Popper’s failure to provide a satisfactory definition of truthlikeness, the notion has become a topic of intense discussion by philosophers of science and logicians. This gave rise to two main perspectives, the content-consequence and the similarity approach. This dissertation proposes a framework to define truthlikeness for deterministic and probabilistic laws within Niiniluoto’s version of the similarity approach. According to Niiniluoto, truthlikeness for quantitative deterministic laws can be defined by the Minkowski metric. We present some counter-examples to the definition and argue that it fails because it considers truthlikeness for quantitative deterministic laws to be just a function of “accuracy”, but an accurate law can be wrong about the actual “structure” or “behaviour” of the system it intends to describe. We develop a modification of Niiniluoto’s proposal that defines truthlikeness for quantitative deterministic laws as a function of two factors: accuracy and nomicity. The latter represents the qualitative behaviours implied by a law that are not captured by value comparison and can be measured by shape similarity, appealing to the Euclidean distance between the corresponding derivative functions. The final proposal solves the presented counter-examples and defines a new way of understanding scientific progress. The framework is expanded to cover probabilistic laws, which represent a relevant subset of actual scientific laws. When this research was developed, there were almost no proposals in the literature of truthlikeness to deal with probabilistic laws or probabilistic truths in general. In this way, we followed Niiniluoto’s suggestion to use the Kullback–Leibler divergence to define the distance between a probability law X and the true probability law T and we argue that the Kullback–Leibler divergence seems to be the best of the available probability distances to measure accuracy between probabilistic laws. However, as in the case of deterministic laws, we argue that accuracy represents a necessary but not sufficient condition, as two probabilistic laws may be equally accurate and still one may imply more true or truthlike probabilistic consequences, behaviours or facts about the system than the other. The final proposal defines truthlikeness for probabilistic laws again as a function of accuracy and nomicity, in intimate connexion with the proposal developed for deterministic laws.

Abstract:

Failure predictions for a fibre-reinforced composite with unidirectional (UD) plies can only be relied upon provided the stress state is accurately known. This requires a prediction of the constitutive response to be made when the material is loaded. When failure does occur, matrix cracking is frequently the first mode of failure. Cracking results in a reduction of the material properties of the structure and can lead to other forms of damage. In this context, an elasto-plastic constitutive model that can accurately represent the full non-linear mechanical response of UD composites is developed, as well as the implementation of an improved model for matrix cracking. Unlike many existing constitutive models in the literature, the developed model captures some key features that are often neglected in constitutive modelling. These include the effect of hydrostatic pressure on both the elastic and non-elastic response. A novel yield function is formulated specifically for polymer-matrix fibre-reinforced composites, taking into account the presence of fibres in the material. The developed model is able to predict the non-linear response under complex loading combinations, given only the experimental response from two uniaxial tests. A non-associative flow rule is used to capture the pressure sensitivity of the material. The translation of subsequent yield surfaces under complex loading regimes is modelled by the inclusion of a non-linear kinematic hardening rule, which also allows for simulation of material unloading. The implementation of the model as a user defined material subroutine in a commercial finite element package is described. Regarding the modelling of matrix cracking, several methods are available in the literature. These models are reviewed and an existing model is combined with suitable failure criteria for the simulation of stiffness loss and crack accumulation in laminates. This model is then used to make predictions of crack accumulation and loss in stiffness of composite materials.

Abstract:

It is widely recognized that increased participation in international trade and investment can serve as an engine for economic growth and development.1 Implicit in international trade is the principle of comparative advantage that generally provides that states should trade with each other because they are better off by maximizing their production potential for some products and, through trade, obtain products they do not have or produce with less efficiency.2 Such comparative advantage, inter alia, presupposes a well-regulated trading system. Though attempts have been made to regulate the multilateral trading system by the GATT 1947 which was but meant to form only part of an agreement on the stillborn International Trade Organization (ITO), the first rule based World Trade Organization (WTO) was established only in 1995 and a number of countries have acceded to it thence. While there is no consensus on whether developing countries in general and the least developed countries (LDC s)4 in particular are beneficiaries of the system5, some countries have embarked on the accession process.6 Ethiopia is one such country.

Abstract:

O estudo em microescala sobre a relação entre a forma arquitetônico-urbana e o meio ambiente constitui o objetivo desta pesquisa. Parte-se da hipótese de que existem formas arquitetônico-urbanas mais apropriadas do que as previstas pela legislação urbana e edilícia para o alcance do melhor desempenho ambiental, sendo possível avaliar quais as composições mais adequadas segundo os condicionantes locais. Nesse contexto, apresenta-se como objeto de estudo o recorte espacial de uma área urbana com alta densidade construída em Florianópolis-SC, que constitui a referência para analisar o impacto ambiental gerado pela forma arquitetônico-urbana e o resultado de seu desempenho final. Para essa avaliação, foram considerados os fatores ambientais associados com o desempenho térmico, luminoso e acústico do espaço urbano e arquitetônico, assim como algumas questões sobre a qualidade ambiental em escala local. A metodologia utiliza dados quantitativos e qualitativos obtidos em campo e em trabalhos de gabinete, por meio das seguintes etapas: 1. Exploratória (investigação bibliográfica, documental e infográfica); 2. Indutiva experimental (levantamento em campo de informações microclimáticas, individuais e subjetivas) e 3. Dedutiva computacional (simulação de modelos preditivos). A estrutura do trabalho está organizada para demonstrar como o objeto de pesquisa foi compreendido e como podem ser desenvolvidos os estudos nessa temática, apresentando primeiramente os condicionantes ambientais (paisagem natural e clima local) e a forma arquitetônico-urbana considerada, para posteriormente desenvolver a associação entre os temas principais – arquitetura e ambiente. A análise considera a percepção subjetiva da autora, a partir da observação de fragmentos do espaço arquitetônico-urbano, pertencentes a um todo. O trabalho comprova a hipótese inicial, na medida em que recomenda proposições de desenho arquitetônico e urbano para o caso estudado, tendo por base os critérios de desempenho ambiental. Além disso, estimula a discussão, o interesse e o conhecimento sobre o tema e corrobora a urgência de incorporação dos estudos ambientais no planejamento e nas propostas de desenho arquitetônico e urbano.
The study in microscale of the relationship between the architectural-urban form and the environment is the goal of this research. It starts with the hypothesis that there are more appropriate architectural-urban forms than those provided by the urban and construction legislation to achieve the best environmental performance, making possible to assess what are the most suitable compositions according to the local conditions. In this context, it is presented as a study object an urban area with high density built in Florianópolis-SC, which is the reference to analyze the environmental impact generated by the architectural-urban form and the result of their final performance. For this evaluation, it was considered the environmental factors associated with the heat, light and acoustic performance of urban and architectural space, as well as some features of the local environmental quality. The methodology uses quantitative and qualitative data obtained in loco and by the office work, through the following steps: 1. Exploratory (bibliographic, documentary and infographic research); 2. Experimental inductive (field measurements and structured interviews) and 3. Computational deductive (simulation of predictive models). The structure of the work demonstrates how the research object was understood and how can be developed studies in this subject, first presenting the environmental conditions (natural landscape and climate) and the architectural-urban form considered to further develop the association among the main themes - architecture and environment. The analysis considers the subjective perception of the author, from the observation of fragments of architecturalurban space, belonging to a whole. The work confirms the initial hypothesis, according as recommends architectural and urban design propositions for the case study, based on the environmental performance criteria. In addition, it stimulates discussion, interest and knowledge on the topic and confirms the urgent incorporation of environmental studies in the urban planning and in the architectural design proposals.

Abstract:

Defence date: 1 June 2020 (Online)
Examining Board: Professor Giovanni Sartor (EUI, Supervisor); Professor Deirdre M. Curtin (EUI); Professor Horatia Muir-Watt (Sciences Po); Professor Dan Jerker B. Svantesson (Bond University)
This study examines how jurisdiction rules adapt to global data flows. To achieve this objective, a new methodological tool called the General Model of Conflicts Adjudication (GMCA) is formulated and used to analyze developments in American rules of personal jurisdiction and jurisdiction to prescribe which happened in parallel to technological and economic change. Chapter 1 examines how global data flows create economic and social dynamics that complicate the problems that conflict of laws rules must solve and explains the theoretical basis of the GMCA. Chapter 2 tests the explanatory power of the GMCA by using it to analyze the development of American personal jurisdiction rules starting with the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case of International Shoe (1945). The Chapter traces the adaptation of American conflict rules to technological developments, from the advent of the automobile to the proliferation of multinational corporations and the Internet. Commentary is made on recent important cases, such as Daimler (2014), BNSF Railway (2017), Bristol-Myers Squibb (2017), and Plixer v. Scrutinizer (2018). Apparent patterns in the development of the law and their normative implications are discussed using the GMCA. Chapter 3 focuses on the Microsoft. v. U.S. litigation (2016-2018) that concerned the extraterritorial reach of U.S. court orders in collecting electronic evidence stored in datacenters located abroad. The extensive documentation produced by the various governments, law enforcement agencies, service providers, and user groups that wanted to be involved in the dispute is examined and perceived interests of these stakeholders are determined. Commentary is made on the scholarly suggestions made for the solution of the problem. The CLOUD Act (2018), passed by the U.S. Congress to solve the issue, is examined and the comity-based solution of the Act is assessed within the GMCA. The work concludes with a summary of findings and a suggestion to use the GMCA in studying the ‘Europeanization’ of private international law.

Abstract:

Actualmente las redes sociales son parte de la vida de la mayoría de personas. Es así, que las empresas han visto esencial la digitalización de sus marcas. Debido a esto, es importante conocer qué es lo que genera un impulso positivo o negativo respecto al engagement que obtienen de los consumidores, por lo que el presente trabajo de investigación busca determinar si hay una correlación entre las Motivaciones de uso de las redes sociales y el engagement, específicamente de pymes pertenecientes a la categoría de ropa del mercado peruano. Para fines de esta investigación, se revisó bibliografía adecuada y actualizada respecto a Marketing digital y Social Media, así como información de la categoría de venta de ropa en el Perú. Además, se han utilizado a distintos autores como la mayor fuente de la información.
Currently social media is part of most people life's. The companies have seen the digitization of their brands. Because of this, it is important to know what generates a positive or negative impulse with regard to the engagement they obtain from consumers. This research work seeks to decide if there is a correlation between motivations for the use of social media and engagement, specifically of SMEs belonging to the clothes category of the Peruvian market. For purposes of this research, an adequate and updated bibliography regarding digital marketing and social media was reviewed, as well as information on the category of clothes sales in Peru. Furthermore, different authors have been used as the main source of information.
Trabajo de investigación

Abstract:

Accurate three-dimensional stress-strain constitutive properties are essential to understanding complex deformation and failure mechanisms for materials with highly anisotropic mechanical properties. The large number of different methods and specimen types currently required to generate three-dimensional allowables for structural design slow down the material characterization. Also, some of the material constitutive properties are never measured due to prohibitive cost of the specimens needed. A method for measurement of three-dimensional constitutive properties using short-beam specimens subject to three-point bend load has been recently developed. This method is based on the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) full-field deformation measurement and closed-form stress approximation. The purpose of this work is to improve the accuracy of the constitutive properties through accurate stress solution. A method is developed based on a combination of full-field strain measurement and nonlinear finite element stress analysis in the material characterization. The nonlinear shear stress-strain relations are the major concern in this work. An iterative procedure is applied to update the nonlinear shear properties using iterative finite element simulations. The accuracy of the numerical procedure is verified by comparing the finite element strain results with full-field measurements. The procedure is further verified using the V-notched beam test results. Excellent agreement has been achieved in the verification. Simplicity of the short-beam specimens and accuracy of the constitutive property approximations make the present method attractive for measurement of three-dimensional stress-strain relations for anisotropic materials at various load rates.

Abstract:

In this thesis, we discuss systematic methods of finding conservation laws for systems of partial differential equations (PDEs). We first review the direct method of finding conservation laws. In order to use the direct method, one first seeks a set of conservation law multipliers so that a linear combination of the PDEs with the multipliers will yield a divergence expression. Once a set of conservation law multipliers is determined, one proceeds to find the fluxes of the conservation law.As the solution to the problem of finding conservation law multipliers is well-understood, in this thesis we focus on constructing the fluxes assuming the knowledge of a set of conservation law multipliers. First, we derive a new method called the flux equation method and show that, in general, fluxes can be found by at most computing a line integral. We show that the hom*otopy integral formula is a special case of the line integral formula obtained from the flux equations. We also show how the line integral formula can be simplified in the presence of a point symmetry of the PDE system and of the set of conservation law multipliers. By examples, we illustrate that the flux equation method can derive fluxes which would be otherwise difficult to find. We also review existing known methods of finding fluxes and make comparison with the flux equation method.

Abstract:

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
O trabalho examina os elementos centrais do procedimento legislativo resultante da atribuição, pela Constituição de 1988, de poder decisório às comissões parlamentares para aprovar e rejeitar projetos de lei. Investiga os precedentes do mecanismo no Brasil e os modelos italiano e espanhol, que serviram de inspiração ao constituinte brasileiro. Busca, ainda, apontar as falhas de regulação interna, na Câmara dos Deputados e no Senado Federal, que têm impedido melhor aproveitamento do novo instituto legislativo como canal de deliberação alternativo aos respectivos plenários.
The dissertation looks into the core elements of the new legislative procedure created by the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 that gives the decision power to approval and rejection laws to the committees. It investigates the precedents of the mechanism in Brazil and the Italian and Spanish models, which served as the base of inspiration to the Brazilian constituent. It also points out the flaws of the internal regulation of the legislative houses which have prevented better use of the new institute as an alternative channel for making laws.

Abstract:

New numerical methods are developed for single phase compressible gas flow and two phase gas/liquid flow in the framework of the discontinuous Galerkin finite element method (DGFEM) and applied to Riemann problems. A residual based diffusion scheme inspired by the streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin method (SUPG) of Brookes and Hughes [15] is applied to the Euler equations of gas dynamics and the single pressure incompressible liquid/compressible gas flow system of Toumi and Kumbaro [137]. A Roe [119] based approximate Riemann solver is applied. To minimise unstable overshoots, diffusivity is added in the direction of the gradient of the solution as opposed to the direction of the streamlines in SUPG for the continuous finite element method (CFEM). The methods are tested on Cartesian meshes with scalar advection problems, the computationally challenging Sod shock tube and Lax Riemann problems, explosion problems in gas dynamics and the water faucet test and explosion problems in two phase flow. An extension to two dimensions and comparisons to existing methods are made. A framework for the well posedness of two phase flow equations is posited and virtual mass terms are added to the two phase flow equations of Toumi and Kumbaro to ensure hyperbolicity. A viscous path based Roe solver for DGFEM is applied mirroring the method of Toumi and Kumbaro in a framework for discontinuous solutions.

Abstract:

In 2004, Puerto Rico's new environmental legislation became part of the penal code with the intention of protecting the island nation's natural resources through criminal prosecution. However, the problem is a dearth of information about the prosecutions of environmental crimes and the law enforcement agent's implementation practices. The purpose of this study was to describe the execution of the law and the few cases prosecuted. Lipsky and Hull and Hjern's theory of implementation were used to help answer the research question: What are the implementation procedures of law enforcement agents on Puerto Rico's environmental crimes law, and what can be done to improve these practices? This qualitative case study included semistructured interviews with police officers and 3 district attorneys who were selected based on their involvement in environmental crimes cases. Document analysis such as court files were analyzed to reveal the implementation practices of the law. Data were analyzed using NVivo software. Results revealed that police officers and prosecutors possess little knowledge of the environmental crimes and this was not a barrier for execution of the law. However, court judges did not uniformly interpret the meaning of the law in the adjudication process which suggests that failure to successfully prosecute is due to lack of understanding of these environmental crimes by legal counsel. Enhancing the training of police, prosecutors, and judges is needed to improve policing and implementation of the law. Successful implementation practices can promote better legislation and prosecution in order to reduce environmental degradation of the island.

Abstract:

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
O trabalho consiste em um exame de alguns aspectos da teoria dossistemas jurídicos desenvolvida por Joseph Raz, notadamente da identidade dossistemas jurídicos e da individualização de disposições jurídicas. Ao expor suasbases teóricas de forma crítica, e apresentar concepções alternativas propostas poroutros autores, especialmente por F. Schauer, resta demonstrado que o caráterperemptório das razões para a ação, tido por Raz como um dos pilares de suateoria do direito, não só não reflete a maneira como normalmente enxergamos odireito, mas também não compromete sua concepção de Direito.
This work consists on an analysis about some aspects of Joseph Raz theoryof legal systems, specially the identity of legal systems and individuation of laws.By exposing critically its theoretic basis and presenting alternative conceptionsproposed by others authors, specially F. Schauer, it rests demonstrated that theperemptory character of reasons for action, understood by Raz as one of the basisof his conception of Law, does not reflect the way most people see and understandLaw and does not affect Raz Laws conception.

Abstract:

Las campañas sociales se desarrollan en base a los problemas comunitarios existentes, es por ello que estas apuestan por modificar los estilos y posturas de los sujetos involucrados. Por consiguiente, en este apartado se planteó la siguiente interrogante: ¿Cuál es la importancia de las campañas sociales a través de las redes digitales? Para ello, se ampliaron los conceptos sobre el mensaje, los objetivos comunicacionales y las redes digitales con mayor alcance en la sociedad. A su vez, con esta información se puede llegar a concluir que los mensajes deben ser de carácter persuasivo con connotación emocional y racional porque estas campañas tienen como objetivo informar, educar, persuadir y concienciar con el fin de llegar a sensibilizar, denunciar e inducir a la acción a los receptores. Asimismo, se recalca que los medios digitales como Instagram, Facebook y YouTube son herramientas importantes para la difusión de las campañas sociales por la cantidad de usuarios subscritos.

Abstract:

Luego de la entrada en vigencia de la Ley N° 28677 “Ley de la Garantía Mobiliaria” ycon ella la derogatoria establecida en su Sexta Disposición Final y Transitoria, quedó enel aire una interrogante pendiente de respuesta: ¿Las hipotecas abiertas, constituidas enfavor de las empresas del sistema financiero con posterioridad al año 2006, sonejecutables? De acuerdo con la investigación realizada, la derogación de una norma quederogó a otra no implica que la norma derogada recobre automáticamente su vigencia enlos términos originales con los que fue publicada. Es decir, estamos ante la “noreviviscencia de la norma derogada”. Dicho criterio se encuentra establecido en elArtículo I del Título Preliminar del Código Civil: Por la derogación de una ley, norecobran vigencia aquellas a las que ésta hubiere derogado. En consecuencia, ¿cómopudieron los jueces encargados de pronunciarse en el Sexto Pleno Casatorio señalar que“quedó subsistente a la actualidad el texto primigenio del artículo 172° de la Ley deBancos” (Sic)? Podemos especular varias respuestas; sin embargo, ninguna tienejustificación. Lo que tenemos en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico es un error conceptualmuy grave de un concepto básico denominado aplicación de las normas en el tiempo yque no se ha quedado olvidado en el fundamento de alguna resolución pasada, sino quetiene consecuencias jurídicas perceptibles y, en la actualidad, irreversibles.
Trabajo académico

Abstract:

A numerical treatment of non-linear higher-order geometric evolution equations with the level set and the finite element method is presented. The isotropic, weak anisotropic and strong anisotropic situation is discussed. Most of the equations considered in this work arise from the field of thin film growth. A short introduction to the subject is given. Four different models are discussed: mean curvature flow, surface diffusion, a kinetic model, which combines the effects of mean curvature flow and surface diffusion and includes a further kinetic component, and an adatom model, which incorporates in addition free adatoms. As an introduction to the numerical schemes, first the isotropic and weak anisotropic situation is considered. Then strong anisotropies (non-convex anisotropies) are used to simulate the phenomena of faceting and coarsening. The experimentally observed effect of corner and edge roundings is reached in the simulation through the regularization of the strong anisotropy with a higher-order curvature term. The curvature regularization leads to an increase by two in the order of the equations, which results in highly non-linear equations of up to 6th order. For the numerical solution, the equations are transformed into systems of second order equations, which are solved with a Schur complement approach. The adatom model constitutes a diffusion equation on a moving surface. An operator splitting approach is used for the numerical solution. In difference to other works, which restrict to the isotropic situation, also the anisotropic situation is discussed and solved numerically. Furthermore, a treatment of geometric evolution equations on implicitly given curved surfaces with the level set method is given. In particular, the numerical solution of surface diffusion on curved surfaces is presented. The equations are discretized in space by standard linear finite elements. For the time discretization a semi-implicit discretization scheme is employed. The derivation of the numerical schemes is presented in detail, and numerous computational results are given for the 2D and 3D situation. To keep computational costs low, the finite element grid is adaptively refined near the moving curves and surfaces resp. A redistancing algorithm based on a local Hopf-Lax formula is used. The algorithm has been extended by the authors to the 3D case. A detailed description of the algorithm in 3D is presented in this work
In der Arbeit geht es um die numerische Behandlung nicht-linearer geometrischer Evolutionsgleichungen höherer Ordnung mit Levelset- und Finite-Elemente-Verfahren. Der isotrope, schwach anisotrope und stark anisotrope Fall wird diskutiert. Die meisten in dieser Arbeit betrachteten Gleichungen entstammen dem Gebiet des Dünnschicht-Wachstums. Eine kurze Einführung in dieses Gebiet wird gegeben. Es werden vier verschiedene Modelle diskutiert: mittlerer Krümmungsfluss, Oberflächendiffusion, ein kinetisches Modell, welches die Effekte des mittleren Krümmungsflusses und der Oberflächendiffusion kombiniert und zusätzlich eine kinetische Komponente beinhaltet, und ein Adatom-Modell, welches außerdem freie Adatome berücksichtigt. Als Einführung in die numerischen Schemata, wird zuerst der isotrope und schwach anisotrope Fall betrachtet. Anschließend werden starke Anisotropien (nicht-konvexe Anisotropien) benutzt, um Facettierungs- und Vergröberungsphänomene zu simulieren. Der in Experimenten beobachtete Effekt der Ecken- und Kanten-Abrundung wird in der Simulation durch die Regularisierung der starken Anisotropie durch einen Krümmungsterm höherer Ordnung erreicht. Die Krümmungsregularisierung führt zu einer Erhöhung der Ordnung der Gleichung um zwei, was hochgradig nicht-lineare Gleichungen von bis zu sechster Ordnung ergibt. Für die numerische Lösung werden die Gleichungen auf Systeme zweiter Ordnungsgleichungen transformiert, welche mit einem Schurkomplement-Ansatz gelöst werden. Das Adatom-Modell bildet eine Diffusionsgleichung auf einer bewegten Fläche. Zur numerischen Lösung wird ein Operatorsplitting-Ansatz verwendet. Im Unterschied zu anderen Arbeiten, die sich auf den isotropen Fall beschränken, wird auch der anisotrope Fall diskutiert und numerisch gelöst. Außerdem werden geometrische Evolutionsgleichungen auf implizit gegebenen gekrümmten Flächen mit Levelset-Verfahren behandelt. Insbesondere wird die numerische Lösung von Oberflächendiffusion auf gekrümmten Flächen dargestellt. Die Gleichungen werden im Ort mit linearen Standard-Finiten-Elementen diskretisiert. Als Zeitdiskretisierung wird ein semi-implizites Diskretisierungsschema verwendet. Die Herleitung der numerischen Schemata wird detailliert dargestellt, und zahlreiche numerische Ergebnisse für den 2D und 3D Fall sind gegeben. Um den Rechenaufwand gering zu halten, wird das Finite-Elemente-Gitter adaptiv an den bewegten Kurven bzw. den bewegten Flächen verfeinert. Es wird ein Redistancing-Algorithmus basierend auf einer lokalen Hopf-Lax Formel benutzt. Der Algorithmus wurde von den Autoren auf den 3D Fall erweitert. In dieser Arbeit wird der Algorithmus für den 3D Fall detailliert beschrieben

Abstract:

My thesis focuses on the parameterisation and estimation of graphical models, based on the concept of hyper and meta Markov properties. These state that the parameters should exhibit conditional independencies, similar to those on the sample space. When these properties are satisfied, parameter estimation may be performed locally, i.e. the estimators for certain subsets of the graph are determined entirely by the data corresponding to the subset. Firstly, I discuss the applications of these properties to the analysis of case-control studies. It has long been established that the maximum likelihood estimates for the odds-ratio may be found by logistic regression, in other words, the 'incorrect' prospective model is equivalent to the correct retrospective model. I use a generalisation of the hyper Markov properties to identify necessary and sufficient conditions for the corresponding result in a Bayesian analysis, that is, the posterior distribution for the odds-ratio is the same under both the prospective and retrospective likelihoods. These conditions can be used to derive a parametric family of prior laws that may be used for such an analysis. The second part focuses on the problem of inferring the structure of the underlying graph. I propose an extension of the meta and hyper Markov properties, which I term structural Markov properties, for both undirected decomposable graphs and directed acyclic graphs. Roughly speaking, it requires that the structure of distinct components of the graph are conditionally independent given the existence of a separating component. This allows the analysis and comparison of multiple graphical structures, while being able to take advantage of the common conditional independence constraints. Moreover, I show that these properties characterise exponential families, which form conjugate priors under sampling from compatible Markov distributions.

Abstract:

Conservation laws with uncertain initial and boundary conditions are approximated using a generalized polynomial chaos expansion approach where the solution is represented as a generalized Fourier series of stochastic basis functions, e.g. orthogonal polynomials or wavelets. The stochastic Galerkin method is used to project the governing partial differential equation onto the stochastic basis functions to obtain an extended deterministic system. The stochastic Galerkin and collocation methods are used to solve an advection-diffusion equation with uncertain viscosity. We investigate well-posedness, monotonicity and stability for the stochastic Galerkin system. High-order summation-by-parts operators and weak imposition of boundary conditions are used to prove stability. We investigate the impact of the total spatial operator on the convergence to steady-state. Next we apply the stochastic Galerkin method to Burgers' equation with uncertain boundary conditions. An analysis of the truncated polynomial chaos system presents a qualitative description of the development of the solution over time. An analytical solution is derived and the true polynomial chaos coefficients are shown to be smooth, while the corresponding coefficients of the truncated stochastic Galerkin formulation are shown to be discontinuous. We discuss the problematic implications of the lack of known boundary data and possible ways of imposing stable and accurate boundary conditions. We present a new fully intrusive method for the Euler equations subject to uncertainty based on a Roe variable transformation. The Roe formulation saves computational cost compared to the formulation based on expansion of conservative variables. Moreover, it is more robust and can handle cases of supersonic flow, for which the conservative variable formulation fails to produce a bounded solution. A multiwavelet basis that can handle discontinuities in a robust way is used. Finally, we investigate a two-phase flow problem. Based on regularity analysis of the generalized polynomial chaos coefficients, we present a hybrid method where solution regions of varying smoothness are coupled weakly through interfaces. In this way, we couple smooth solutions solved with high-order finite difference methods with non-smooth solutions solved for with shock-capturing methods.